{"id":17726,"date":"2023-04-11T15:09:28","date_gmt":"2023-04-11T14:09:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/raahak.com\/?p=17726"},"modified":"2023-04-11T15:10:28","modified_gmt":"2023-04-11T14:10:28","slug":"%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%ac%d9%85%d9%87%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%ac%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af%db%8c-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af%db%8c%d8%b4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/raahak.com\/?p=17726","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0646\u062c\u06cc: \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0622\u0631\u0646\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f:
\n\u201cExistenzphilosophie hat eine mindestens hundertj\u00e4hrige Geschichte. Sie begann mit dem sp\u00e4ten Schelling und mit Kierkegaard, sie entwickelte sich in einer gro\u00dfen Zahl bis heute nicht ersch\u00f6pfter M\u00f6glichkeiten in Nietzsche, sie bestimmte das Wesentliche des Bergsonschen Denkens und der sogenannten Lebensphilosophie, bis sie schlie\u00dflich im Nachkriegsdeutschland mit Scheler, Heidegger und Jaspers zu einem bisher nicht \u00fcbertroffenen Bewu\u00dftsein dessen kam, worum es moderner Philosophie eigentlich geht.\u201d<\/p>\n

Robert and Rita Kimber:
\n\u201cThe history of existential philosophy goes back at least a hundred year ago. It began with Schelling’s late work and with Kierkegaard. From Nietzsche, it took innumerable new directions, many of which still remain unexplored today. It was a major element in Bergson’s thought and in so-called life philosophy, and in post-war Germany it has reached, in the work of Scheler, Heidegger, and Jaspers, a previously unattained clarity in articulating the central concerns of modern philosophy.\u201d<\/p>\n

Partisan Review:<\/p>\n

\u201cAs distinct from existentialism, a French literary movement of the last de- cade, Existenz philosophy has at least a century-old history. It began with Schelling in his late period and with Kierkegaard, developed in Nietzsche along a great number of as yet unexhausted possibilities, determined the
\nessential part of Bergson\u2019s thought and of the so-called life-philosophy (Le- bensphilosophie), until finally in postwar Germany, with Scheler, Heidegger, and Jaspers, it reached a consciousness, as yet unsurpassed, of what really is at stake in modern philosophy.<\/p>\n

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\u0628\u0631\u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u06cc:<\/b>
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\u201cDer Name Existenz bezeichnet vorerst nicht mehr als das Sein des Menschen, unabh\u00e4ngig von allen psychologisch erforschbaren Qualit\u00e4ten und Begabungen des Individuums. Insofern gilt f\u00fcr Existenz-Philosophie das gleiche, was Heidegger einmal mit Recht von derK \u201cLebens-Philosophie\u201d bemerkte: der Name ist ungef\u00e4hr so sinnvoll wie Botanik der Pflanzen. Nur da\u00df es kein Zufall ist, da\u00df das Wort \u2018Sein\u2019 durch das Wort Existenz ersetzt wurde. In diesem terminologischen Wechsel verbirgt sich in der Tat eines der Grund-probleme moderner Philosophie.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThe term \u201cExistenz\u201d indicates, first, nothing more than the being of man, independent of all qualities and capacities that can be psychologically investigated. Thus far, what Heidegger once rightly remarked of \u201clife-philosophy,\u201d that the name was about as meaningful as the botany of plants, also holds for Existenz philosophy. Except that there is no accident that the word \u201cBeing\u201d is replaced by the word \u201cExistenz.\u201d In this terminological change one of the fundamental problems of modern philosophy is, in fact, concealed.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThe term \u201cexistence\u201d denotes simply the Being (Sein) of man, independent of all the qualities and capabilities that any individual may possess and that are accessible to psychological investigation. What Heidegger once correctly remarked of \u201clife philosophy\u201d also aplies, then to existential pholosophy. The name is as redundant and therefore as meaningless as \u201cbotany\u201d is for the study of plants. It is, however, no coincidence that the word \u201cexistence\u201d has taken the place of the word \u201cbeing\u201d and in this terminological change one of the fundamental problems of modern philosophy is contained.\u201d<\/p>\n

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\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u06cc<\/b><\/p>\n

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\u201cHegels Philosophie, die in einer nie erreichten Komplettheit s\u00e4mtliche Natur- und Geschichtsph\u00e4nomene philosophisch expliziert und in einem unheimlich einheitlichen Ganzen organisiert hatte \u2013 von dem man nie ganz sicher war, ob es Behausung oder Gef\u00e4ngnis des Wirklichen war \u2013, war wirklich die \u00bbEule der Minerva, die erst am Abend ihren Flug wagt\u00ab. Dies System, stellte sich unmittelbar nach seinem Tode heraus, war das letzte Wort der gesamten abendl\u00e4ndischen Philosophie, sofern sietrotz aller Mannigfal- tigkeit und scheinbaren Widerspruchsvollheit seit Parmenides nicht daran zu zweifeln gewagt hat: to gar auto esti noein te kai einai, denn dasselbe ist Denken und Sein. Was nach Hegel kam, war entweder epigonal, oder es war Rebellion der Philosophen gegen Philosophie \u00fcberhaupt, Rebellion gegen oder Verzweiflung an dieser Identit\u00e4t.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHegel\u2019s philosophy, which with a completeness never attained before, had explained and organized into a weirdly coherent whole all natural and historical phenomena, was truly \u201cthe owl of Minerva, that takes flight only in the evening.\u201d This system, immediately after Hegel\u2019s death, appeared to be the last word in the whole of western philosophy, in so far as western philosophy\u2014despite all its variety and apparent contradictions\u2014since Parmenides had not dared to doubt that: to gar auto esti noein te kai einai, being and thought are identical. What came after Hegel was either derivative, or it was a rebellion of the philosophers against philosophy in general, rebellion against or doubt of this identity.\u201d \u201cWith a conprehensiveness never acheived before him, Hegel provided a philosophical explnation for all phenomena of nature and hisytory and brought them together in a strangely unified whole. His philosophy, of which no one could ever be quite sure whether it provided a residence or a prison for reality, was truely the \u201cowl of Minerva that takes flight only at dusk.\u201d For immediately after Hegel\u2019s death it became apparent that his system represented the last wrod of all western philosophy, at least to the extent that, since Parminenides, it had not- for all its diverse turns and apparent internal contradictions – ever dared call into question the unity of thought and Being:\u00a0to gar auto esti noein te kai einai.<\/i>Those who came after Hegel either followed in his footsteps or rebelled against him, and what they were rebelling againbst, and despairing of, was philosophy itself, the postupated identity of thought and Being.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u062f:<\/b><\/p>\n

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\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u06cc:<\/b>
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\u201cAllen den sogenannten Schulen der neueren Philosophie eignet dies Epigonale. Sie alle versuchen, die Einheit von Denken und Sein wiederherzustellen, wobei es ganz gleichg\u00fcltig ist, ob sie die Harmonie dadurch erzielten, da\u00df sie die Materie (Materialisten) oder dadurch, da\u00df sie den Geist (Idealisten) als alldurchherrschend annahmen, gleichg\u00fcltig auch, ob sie versuchten, mit Aspektspielereien ein mehr spinozistisch gefarbtes Ganze herzustellen.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThis derivative character is peculiar to all the so-called schools of modern philosophy. They all seek to re-establish the unity of thought and being; whether they aim at this harmony in making matter (the materialists) or mind (the Idealists) dominant, is indifferent; indifferent also whether by playing with the notion of aspects they seek to establish a whole more spinozistic in character.\u201d \u201cThis epigonal character is common to all the so-called schools of modern philosophy. They all attempt to re-establish the unity of thought and Being, whether they achieve that harmony by proclaiming the pri- macy of matter (materialism) or of mind (idealism) or whether they play with various perspectives to create a whole that bears the stamp of Spinoza.\u201d<\/p>\n

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\n<\/strong>\u00ab\u0647\u0645\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0648 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f\u061b \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 (\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627) \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0648 \u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0631\u0627 (\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0622\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627) \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u06af\u0631\u0634\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u0648 \u0628\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u067e\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f.\u00bb<\/p>\n

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\n<\/strong>\u00ab\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u06cc\u200c \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 [\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u06af\u0644] \u062e\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0647\u0645\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0648 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 (\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u0645) \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0631\u0648\u062d (\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0622\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u0645) \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06a9\u0648\u0634\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0686\u0634\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0627\u06af\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0651\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u067e\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0646\u062f.\u00bb<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc
\n<\/strong><\/em>\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0622\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 Was ist existenz-philosophie \u0646\u062e\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 Sechs Essays<\/em> (Heidelberg, 1948) \u0628\u0647 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 What is Existenz Philosophy \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0698\u0646 \u0631\u06cc\u0648\u06cc\u0648: Partisan Review<\/em> 8\/\u06f1 (Winter 1946): 34-56\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0634\u062f. \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0648 \u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0645\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 What Is Existential Philosophy \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a:
\nHannah Arendt, Essays in Understanding 1930-1954: Formation, Exile, and Totalitarianism<\/em>, New York, Schocken, 1994, pp. 163-187.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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