{"id":6636,"date":"2015-12-11T10:10:18","date_gmt":"2015-12-11T10:10:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/raahak.com\/?p=6636"},"modified":"2015-12-11T09:06:40","modified_gmt":"2015-12-11T09:06:40","slug":"%d9%86%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%a8%e2%80%8c%d9%be%d9%88%d8%b1-%d9%88-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%e2%80%8c%d9%be%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%9b-%d8%af%d9%88-%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%ac%db%8c%da%a9-%d9%88-%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/raahak.com\/?p=6636","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628\u200c\u067e\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u200c\u067e\u0648\u0631\u061b \u062f\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0627\u062c\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646<\/a><\/p>\n

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\n

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———————————-
\n\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627<\/a> \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

PREFACE I
\nACKNOWLEDGMENTS IV
\nTRANSLITERATION V
\nABBREVIATION OF TITLES OF JOURNALS VII
\nPART 1
\n1-\u06f5\u06f7 I-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
\nPART 11 58-106
\nII-I- TRADITIONAL FORMS AND CONTENTS 58
\nII-II- THE PREPARATORY PERIOD 86
\nPART’III 107-297
\nIII-I- THE FICTION OF THE YEARS 1906-1941 107
\nIII-II- THE REFLECTION OF THE 1906-1941 PERIOD IN LATER FICTION 158
\nIII-III- THE ADVENT OF SOCIAL AWARENESS, 1941-1953 182
\nIII-IV- CENSORSHIP AND CONSTRAINT 2-21
\nIII-V- SOCIAL REALISM AND ISLAMIC NATIONALISM 1953-1979 247
\nCONCLUSION 298
\nBIBLIOGRAPHY 308<\/p>\n

The thesis examines the modern fictional literature of Iran, which is a new growth stemming from the national awakening of the late 19th century and the constitutional revolution of 1906. While retaining elements from the classical Persian heritage, this literature is directly or indirectly influenced by European forms and shows a general tendency towards social realism. It reflects the political and social upheavals which Iran underwent in the three quarters of a century between 1906 and 1979. In seccessive periods the literary output gives evidence of great changes in prevalent attitudes and social concerns.<\/p>\n

Part I of the thesis outlines the historical and social background up to 1979. Part II discusses the social character-, stics of Persian classical and folk literatures and examines certain works which appeared in the preparatory period before 1906. Part III is a study of the modern literature divided into three periods: (1) 1906-1941, when the predominant attitude was a secular nationalism combining pride in the Iranian past with desire for modernization; (2) 1941-1953, when hostility to dictatorship (after the experiences of Rez5 Sh5h’s reign) was linked with a political attitude which was generally socialist rather than liberal and was sometimes also anti-clerical; (3) 1953-1979 Jq when among several tendencies the most important were concern for the poor and concern for the nation’s cultural identity. Since literary activity was affected by censorship in the reigns of both Pahlavi Mahs, the nature and varying intensity of the censorship and the evasive devices of authors are also discussed in Part III. While the two main tendencies of this period generally overlap, because each represents a revultion against hasty and imposed modernization, it is apparent that some authors were more concerned about the economic and social hardships falling on the masses, while others were more concerned about the effects on the traditional Islamic culture and life-style of the masses.<\/p>\n

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